Materials that are expensive or complex to make, or that have been moulded into completed or semifinished items, benefit from nondestructive testing. A penetrating liquid, either brightly coloured or fluorescent, is one typical nondestructive approach for locating surface fractures and faults in metals. X-ray or gamma-ray procedures, in which the radiation penetrates through the material and impinges on a suitable photographic film, can identify both internal and external faults. The transmission of sound waves above the human hearing range through the material is required for ultrasonic examination of parts. Magnetic techniques can be used to characterise the position and relative size of voids and cracks since the magnetic qualities of a material are greatly impacted by its overall structure. Material continuity in complex structural settings has also been detected using infrared techniques.
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